ISO 18215:2015 pdf free

ISO 18215:2015 pdf free.Ships and marine technology一Vessel machinery operations in polar waters一Guidelines
Preheaters are normally installed in the intake manifold; however, in a two-stroke cycle engine, they are placed in the air passages surrounding the cylinders. The preheater burns a small quantity of diesel fuel in the air before the air is drawn into the cylinders. This burning process is accomplished by the use of either a glow plug or an ignition coil that produces a spark to ignite a fine spray of diesel fuel. The resulting heat warms the remaining air before it is drawn into the cylinders.
Block heaters are electric resistive heaters in the engine block, used when an engine is turned off for extended periods in cold weather in order to reduce start-up time and engine wear. Block heaters are also used for emergency power generators that should rapidly pick up load on a power failure. To save time and electricity, the block heater can be put on an electrical timer set to turn on a couple of hours before the engine is started.
Some older engines use a system to introduce small amounts of ether or other starting fluid into the inlet manifold to start combustion. Recent direct injection systems that use a common rail and electronic fuel injection are technologically advanced to the extent that pre-chamber systems might not be needed.
Diesel fuel is prone to waxing or gelling in cold weather; both are terms for the solidification of diesel oil into a partially crystalline state. The temperature at which this process commences is sometimes known as the “cloud point”. The crystals build up in the fuel line, eventually clogging the filter and starving the engine of fuel, causing it to stop running. Electric heaters in fuel tanks and around fuel lines are used to help solve this problem. Most engines also have a spill return system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank. Once the engine has warmed, returning warm fuel prevents waxing in the tank. Because of improvements in fuel additive technology, waxing rarely occurs in all but the coldest weather. If fuel has gelled from cold temperatures, change the fuel filter and warm the fuel by using a block heater before attempting to start the engine. Gelled fuel in the filter can block the flow of fuel from the tank to the injector pump.ISO 18215 pdf free.